The photographer owns copyright to any photos they have taken unless: the photographer is an employee of a company and the company instructed the photographer to take these photos. In that case it is within the companies rights.
The other time would be if there is an agreement that assigns the rights to another party.
In all other cases, the photographer keeps these rights. Essentially the person who is paying the photographer is paying them for their time and for a number of prints. If the rights are in the ownership of the photographer, any additional prints must be made through the photographer, if they are not then that is copyright infringement.
Intellectual property: Are exclusive rights to your idea that you have come up with. So you own the rights to what you make, design or create. The reason for this is so you get credited for your work. Berne convention standards protection against literary and artistic work is an international agreement governing copyright which was founded in 1886.
Copyright: Gives the creator exclusive rights to what they have created. You have 70 years of copyright law if you take a photo after this anyone can buy the rights. If you have a crowned copy right you have up to 125 years but you have to have worked for civil servants, minister and government departments and agencies. For artistic work you get up to 70 years copyright after you have died.
With most artistic work including film and photography the creator of the work is also the first owner of the copyright. Sometimes if the work is done for a business or company, the copyright is owned by them. Copyright is a form of property which can be bought or sold so some of the money generated by the work may belong to someone other than the original owner.
Daniel Morel is a photographer who took pictures of the disasterin Haiti in 2010. Some of his photos were taken and used by Associated Free.
Press (AFP) and Getty Images without credit or payment. A federal jury awarded Morel $1.2 million in damages after they found his copyright was infringed. He fought for 4 years to achieve this victory and said: "That was the most beautiful moment of my life, the look in their faces when they lost. They were so arrogant," he said. "Those guys [AFP and Getty] knew I was small, and thought there was no way I could sue them, and they took advantage of me. They thought they were untouchable.” AFP and Getty are leading suppliers of royalty-free images and a one off fee is payable for using some of their photographs. Royalties may be collected from companies / people using oneof your copyrighted images or an image that you have intellectual property over.
Topshop used a photograph of singer Rihanna without permission and had to pay £3.3 million in compensation after it was found they breached her intellectual property as she wasn’t asked or paid for the use of her face.